Posterior ankle impingement syndrome (PAIS) is a term that describes pain in the back of the ankle when plantar flexing maximally, and sometimes when dorsiflexing. There are several reasons this can happen and can be a result of a bony process, unfused ossicles (small bones), or soft tissue (muscle/tendon/ligament/capsule).

You are on a cruise ship in your room and your stomach starts to rumble. Or maybe you are in a car reading a book in the back seat and get nauseated. Why does this happen? We are not 100% sure but it may be due to what is called the “sensory conflict theory” or “neural mismatch”.